This manual outlines the fundamentals of general ecology, the patterns governing the action of ecological factors, and the specific characteristics of the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. It describes major environmental media, the biogeochemical cycles of key biogenic elements, and the adaptation of living organisms to diverse environmental conditions. Additionally, it examines the principles of environmental monitoring and standard-setting, the impact of adverse environmental factors on human health, and global environmental issues. The manual is based on lecture materials presented by the authors at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Intended for students studying the discipline of "Ecology."